· Martin Luther
o Monk haunted by his faith
o Believed faith in God would lead you to peace, not in justification though good works-if you believed in God, you would naturally carry out good works
o Believed indulgences were dishonest & corrupt & lead people to sin
o Mailed 95 Theses to Bishop Wittenberg in 1517
o Tried to encourage church reform
o Believed Bible was only religious authority
o Arrested & taken to meeting in Würms
§ Diet of Würms
· Church officials demanded Luther recant
· Luther refused
· Luther excommunicated
o 1519-begins to codify beliefs
§ Clergy no different from laity
§ Christian truth in bible alone
§ Denounced:
· Fasts
· Pilgrimages
· Mass
· Veneration of saints
· Belief in Purgatory
· Transubstantiation
§ Only sacraments are baptism & communion
§ Consubstantiation-Christ is somehow present in bread & wine
§ Clergy can marry
§ State should control religious practices & beliefs
· John Calvin
o Operated out of Geneva
o French
o Lawyer & priest
o Published The Institutes of the Cristian Religion in 1536
o Political appeal transcends state; worldwide appeal
o Accepted justification by faith
o Emphasized predestination
o Perceived as most extreme & obnoxious form of Protestantism
§ France-Huguenots
§ England-Puritans
o Government is subject to moral authority of people if they are holy
§ Laid foundation for democracy
· Social Structure during Protestant Reformation
o Council of Trent leads to witch hunts
§ In Roman Catholic church women have position of power in the Abbeys
o German peasants revolt suppressed by German princes & supported by Luther
o Protestants support marriage & family as the ideal state
o Protestants create state schools to indoctrinate youth
o Printing press leads to increase in literacy
§ More in Northern Europe than Southern Europe
o Use of vernacular
o Vernacular, printing press & Luther democratize religion
o State will start to support public charity
o State taxes & church taxes (tithes) force peasant deeper into debt
o Class lines tended to blur
§ Aristocrats moved into towns
§ Well-to-do middle class bought country estates
§ Feudal lords became landlords
o Impact of Protestant Reformation on women led to women being relegated to domestic roles
§ Taught to read & write
· Necessary to read Bible & teach children
o Man rules roost, but women are given increased responsibility for its management
· Schmalkaldic League
o Group of protestant German princes defying Charles V
o Go to war from 1546-55 with Emperor
o Peace of Augsburg settles war
§ Charles V retires to monastery
§ Recognizes Lutheran princes
§ German princes can determine religion of their region-Cuius Regio Eius Religio
§ Ecclesiastical reservation-bishops cannot take territory with them, had to give state to catholic officials
· Bishops refused to comply & lose power
§ No individual choice
· Henry VIII
o Had no theological dispute with church
o Pope called him the “Defender of the Faith”
o He was critical of the chaos unleashed by Luther & Calvin
o Wanted annulment with wife, Catherine of Aragon, because he had no sons, only daughter Mary
§ Catherine was the aunt of Charles V
§ Pope didn’t want to offend the Holy Roman Emperor, his largest ally in Europe, by allowing Henry to divorce his aunt
§ Catherine had been the wife of Henry’s older brother, and Henry had needed special permission to marry in the first place
o Henry convinced he could have an heir with Anne Boleyn
§ Frenchwoman disliked by court
o Political crisis to not have heir to throne after was of the Roses
o Henry decided to break away from Church
§ English Church (Anglican)
· King is head of church
· Grants himself annulment
· Little change in church services
· No fundamental change in dogma or theology
· Pope in Rome is no longer authority
o Henry persecuted Catholics who opposed him on grounds of defying the king
o Politics of England eclipsed religious beliefs
o Anglican church was not fundamentally different from Catholicism
o Henry married Anne Boleyn
§ Mother of Elizabeth
§ Later accused of sleeping with another man and beheaded
o Henry married Jane Seymore
§ Gave birth to Edward VI
§ Died during childbirth
o Edward took throne as a teenager
· Council of Trent
o 1545-63
o Not well attended
o Established church beliefs until Vatican II
o Wanted to reform abuses & make a statement on what Catholics believed
o Few concessions to teachings of Protestants
o Established organizations to reconvert protestants
· Catholic or Counter Reformation
Attempts to reform the church and win back converts to Protestantism
